Covenant Justice In Every Day Life
Justice begins with personal responsibility.
A Brief Insight
Following the revelation at Sinai, the Torah turns from thunder and fire to daily life. This portion lays out practical instructions that shape a just and covenant-centered society. It addresses matters such as servants, personal injury, property damage, restitution, moral responsibility, and care for the vulnerable—especially widows, orphans, and strangers. Justice is not abstract; it is lived out in fields, homes, and courts.
The people are warned against oppression, bribery, and false testimony, and are reminded that compassion must temper authority. Even enemies’ animals are to be helped in distress. The rhythm of Shabbat and the appointed times is reaffirmed, anchoring justice in worship.
The covenant is then formally confirmed with blood and solemn commitment: “We will do and we will hear.” The section closes with Moses ascending the mountain, drawing near to the Presence once again.
Read the Story as Told in Scripture
21 Now these are the ordinances which thou shalt set before them.
2If thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. 3If he come in by himself, he shall go out by himself: if he be married, then his wife shall go out with him. 4If his master give him a wife and she bear him sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master’s, and he shall go out by himself. 5But if the servant shall plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: 6then his master shall bring him unto God, and shall bring him to the door, or unto the door-post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl; and he shall serve him for ever. 7And if a man sell his daughter to be a maid-servant, she shall not go out as the men-servants do. 8If she please not her master, who hath espoused her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a foreign people he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. 9And if he espouse her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. 10If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. 11And if he do not these three things unto her, then shall she go out for nothing, without money.
12He that smiteth a man, so that he dieth, shall surely be put to death. 13And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. 14And if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbor, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.
15And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death.
16And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.
17And he that curseth his father or his mother, shall surely be put to death.
18And if men contend, and one smite the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keep his bed; 19if he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.
20And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall surely be punished. 21Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.
22And if men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart, and yet no harm follow; he shall be surely fined, according as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. 23But if any harm follow, then thou shalt give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.
26And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, and destroy it; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake. 27And if he smite out his man-servant’s tooth, or his maid-servant’s tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.
28And if an ox gore a man or a woman to death, the ox shall be surely stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit. 29But if the ox was wont to gore in time past, and it hath been testified to its owner, and he hath not kept it in, but it hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death. 30If there be laid on him a ransom, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatsoever is laid upon him. 31Whether it have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him. 32If the ox gore a man-servant or a maid-servant, there shall be given unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.
33And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein, 34the owner of the pit shall make it good; he shall give money unto the owner thereof, and the dead beast shall be his.
35And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, so that it dieth, then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the price of it; and the dead also they shall divide. 36Or if it be known that the ox was wont to gore in time past, and its owner hath not kept it in; he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his own.
22 If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall pay five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. 2If the thief be found breaking in, and be smitten so that he dieth, there shall be no bloodguiltiness for him. 3If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be bloodguiltiness for him; he shall make restitution: if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft. 4If the theft be found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep, he shall pay double.
5If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall let his beast loose, and it feed in another man’s field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution.
6If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the shocks of grain, or the standing grain, or the field are consumed; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.
7If a man shall deliver unto his neighbor money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man’s house; if the thief be found, he shall pay double. 8If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall come near unto God, to see whether he have not put his hand unto his neighbor’s goods. 9For every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing, whereof one saith, This is it, the cause of both parties shall come before God; he whom God shall condemn shall pay double unto his neighbor.
10If a man deliver unto his neighbor an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it: 11the oath of Yehovah shall be between them both, whether he hath not put his hand unto his neighbor’s goods; and the owner thereof shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution. 12But if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof. 13If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness: he shall not make good that which was torn.
14And if a man borrow aught of his neighbor, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof not being with it, he shall surely make restitution. 15If the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be a hired thing, it came for its hire.
16And if a man entice a virgin that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely pay a dowry for her to be his wife. 17If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.
18Thou shalt not suffer a sorceress to live.
19Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.
20He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto Yehovah only, shall be utterly destroyed. 21And a sojourner shalt thou not wrong, neither shalt thou oppress him: for ye were sojourners in the land of Egypt. 22Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child. 23If thou afflict them at all, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry; 24and my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.
25If thou lend money to any of my people with thee that is poor, thou shalt not be to him as a creditor; neither shall ye lay upon him interest. 26If thou at all take thy neighbor’s garment to pledge, thou shalt restore it unto him before the sun goeth down: 27for that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear; for I am gracious.
28Thou shalt not revile God, nor curse a ruler of thy people. 29Thou shalt not delay to offer of thy harvest, and of the outflow of thy presses. The first-born of thy sons shalt thou give unto me. 30Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with its dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me. 31And ye shall be holy men unto me: therefore ye shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs.
23 Thou shalt not take up a false report: put not thy hand with the wicked to be an unrighteous witness. 2Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil; neither shalt thou speak in a cause to turn aside after a multitude to wrest justice: 3neither shalt thou favor a poor man in his cause.
4If thou meet thine enemy’s ox or his ass going astray, thou shalt surely bring it back to him again. 5If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his burden, thou shalt forbear to leave him, thou shalt surely release it with him.
6Thou shalt not wrest the justice due to thy poor in his cause. 7Keep thee far from a false matter; and the innocent and righteous slay thou not: for I will not justify the wicked. 8And thou shalt take no bribe: for a bribe blindeth them that have sight, and perverteth the words of the righteous. 9And a sojourner shalt thou not oppress: for ye know the heart of a sojourner, seeing ye were sojourners in the land of Egypt.
10And six years thou shalt sow thy land, and shalt gather in the increase thereof: 11but the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie fallow; that the poor of thy people may eat: and what they leave the beast of the field shall eat. In like manner thou shalt deal with thy vineyard, and with thy oliveyard. 12Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest; that thine ox and thine ass may have rest, and the son of thy handmaid, and the sojourner, may be refreshed. 13And in all things that I have said unto you take ye heed: and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy mouth.
14Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year. 15The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep: seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, at the time appointed in the month Abib (for in it thou camest out from Egypt); and none shall appear before me empty: 16and the feast of harvest, the first-fruits of thy labors, which thou sowest in the field: and the feast of ingathering, at the end of the year, when thou gatherest in thy labors out of the field. 17Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord Yehovah.
18Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread; neither shall the fat of my feast remain all night until the morning. 19The first of the first-fruits of thy ground thou shalt bring into the house of Yehovah thy God. Thou shalt not boil a kid in its mother’s milk.
20Behold, I send an angel before thee, to keep thee by the way, and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared. 21Take ye heed before him, and hearken unto his voice; provoke him not; for he will not pardon your transgression: for my name is in him. 22But if thou shalt indeed hearken unto his voice, and do all that I speak; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies, and an adversary unto thine adversaries. 23For mine angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the Emori, and the Hitti, and the P’rizi, and the Kena’ani, the Hivi, and the Y’vusi: and I will cut them off. 24Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works; but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and break in pieces their pillars. 25And ye shall serve Yehovah your God, and he will bless thy bread, and thy water; and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee. 26There shall none cast her young, nor be barren, in thy land: the number of thy days I will fulfil. 27I will send my terror before thee, and will discomfit all the people to whom thou shalt come, and I will make all thine enemies turn their backs unto thee. 28And I will send the hornet before thee, which shall drive out the Hivi, the Kena’ani, and the Hitti, from before thee. 29I will not drive them out from before thee in one year, lest the land become desolate, and the beasts of the field multiply against thee. 30By little and little I will drive them out from before thee, until thou be increased, and inherit the land. 31And I will set thy border from the Red Sea even unto the sea of the P’lishtim, and from the wilderness unto the River [Euphrates]: for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand: and thou shalt drive them out before thee. 32Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods. 33They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin against me; for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare unto thee.
24 And he said unto Moshe, Come up unto Yehovah, thou, and Aharon, Nadav, and Avihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off: 2and Moshe alone shall come near unto Yehovah; but they shall not come near; neither shall the people go up with him. 3And Moshe came and told the people all the words of Yehovah, and all the ordinances: and all the people answered with one voice, and said, All the words which Yehovah hath spoken will we do. 4And Moshe wrote all the words of Yehovah, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. 5And he sent young men of the children of Israel, who offered burnt-offerings, and sacrificed peace-offerings of oxen unto Yehovah. 6And Moshe took half of the blood, and put it in basins; and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar. 7And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the audience of the people: and they said, All that Yehovah hath spoken will we do, and be obedient. 8And Moshe took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which Yehovah hath made with you concerning all these words.
9Then went up Moshe, and Aharon, Nadav, and Avihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel: 10and they saw the God of Israel; and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone, and as it were the very heaven for clearness. 11And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand: and they beheld God, and did eat and drink.
12And Yehovah said unto Moshe, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee the tables of stone, and the law and the commandment, which I have written, that thou mayest teach them. 13And Moshe rose up, and Y’hoshua his minister: and Moshe went up into the mount of God. 14And he said unto the elders, Tarry ye here for us, until we come again unto you: and, behold, Aharon and Hur are with you: whosoever hath a cause, let him come near unto them. 15And Moshe went up into the mount, and the cloud covered the mount. 16And the glory of Yehovah abode upon mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it six days: and the seventh day he called unto Moshe out of the midst of the cloud. 17And the appearance of the glory of Yehovah was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. 18And Moshe entered into the midst of the cloud, and went up into the mount: and Moshe was in the mount forty days and forty nights.
Yirmeyahu 34:8-22
8The word that came unto Yirmeyahu from Yehovah, after that the king Tzidkiyahu had made a covenant with all the people that were at Yerushalayim, to proclaim liberty unto them; 9that every man should let his man-servant, and every man his maid-servant, that is a Hebrew or a Hebrewess, go free; that none should make bondmen of them, to wit, of a Jew his brother. 10And all the princes and all the people obeyed, that had entered into the covenant, that every one should let his man-servant, and every one his maid-servant, go free, that none should make bondmen of them any more; they obeyed, and let them go: 11but afterwards they turned, and caused the servants and the handmaids, whom they had let go free, to return, and brought them into subjection for servants and for handmaids.
12Therefore the word of Yehovah came to Yirmeyahu from Yehovah, saying, 13Thus saith Yehovah, the God of Israel: I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage, saying, 14At the end of seven years ye shall let go every man his brother that is a Hebrew, that hath been sold unto thee, and hath served thee six years, thou shalt let him go free from thee: but your fathers hearkened not unto me, neither inclined their ear. 15And ye were now turned, and had done that which is right in mine eyes, in proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbor; and ye had made a covenant before me in the house which is called by my name: 16but ye turned and profaned my name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom ye had let go free at their pleasure, to return; and ye brought them into subjection, to be unto you for servants and for handmaids.
17Therefore thus saith Yehovah: ye have not hearkened unto me, to proclaim liberty, every man to his brother, and every man to his neighbor: behold, I proclaim unto you a liberty, saith Yehovah, to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine; and I will make you to be tossed to and fro among all the kingdoms of the earth. 18And I will give the men that have transgressed my covenant, that have not performed the words of the covenant which they made before me, when they cut the calf in twain and passed between the parts thereof; 19the princes of Y’hudah, and the princes of Yerushalayim, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, that passed between the parts of the calf; 20I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life; and their dead bodies shall be for food unto the birds of the heavens, and to the beasts of the earth. 21And Tzidkiyahu king of Y’hudah and his princes will I give into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life, and into the hand of the army of the king of Bavel, that are gone away from you. 22Behold, I will command, saith Yehovah, and cause them to return to this city; and they shall fight against it, and take it, and burn it with fire: and I will make the cities of Y’hudah a desolation, without inhabitant.
Yirmeyahu 33:25-26
25Thus saith Yehovah: If my covenant of day and night stand not, if I have not appointed the ordinances of heaven and earth; 26then will I also cast away the seed of Ya’akov, and of David my servant, so that I will not take of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Avraham, Yis’chak, and Ya’akov: for I will cause their captivity to return, and will have mercy on them.
22And while they abode in the Galil, Yeshua said unto them, “The Son of man shall be delivered up into the hands of men; 23and they shall kill him, and the third day he shall be raised up”. And they were exceeding sorry.
24And when they were come to K’far- Nachum, they that received the half-shekel came to Kefa, and said, “Doth not your teacher pay the half-shekel?” 25He saith, “Yea”. And when he came into the house, Yeshua spake first to him, saying, “What thinkest thou, Shim’on? the kings of the earth, from whom do they receive toll or tribute? from their sons, or from strangers?” 26And when he said, “From strangers”, Yeshua said unto him, “Therefore the sons are free. 27But, lest we cause them to stumble, go thou to the sea, and cast a hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a shekel: that take, and give unto them for me and thee.”
Explore Related Topics

The Great Wedding at Sinai
At Sinai, the covenant was more than law — it was a sacred union between Yehovah and Israel, sealed with vows, blood, and shared commitment.

What Is the Purpose of the Torah?
“White-collar” criminals walk free without repercussions, while people who inadvertently violate unconstitutional laws pay an excessive price.